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मद्दत:IPA for Hindi and Urdu

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The charts below show the way in which the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA) represents Hindi and Urdu pronunciations in Wikipedia articles.

See Hindustani phonology for a more thorough discussion of the sounds of Hindi-Urdu. See Devanagari and Urdu alphabet for help converting Hindi and Urdu spelling to pronunciation.

Key

[सम्पादन | स्रोत सम्पादन]
Consonants
IPA[१]Hindi[१]ISO 15919 [१]UrduApproximate English equivalent
k कkaکsky
kʰ खkhaکھache (khh sound)
ɡ गgaگagain
ɡʱ घghaگھaghast
ŋ ङṅaنbank (mostly Hindi; Urdu uses [n] (ن)).
tʃ चcaچcatch
tʃʰ छchaچھchoose
dʒ जjaجjazz
dʒʱ झjhaجھhedgehog (strong jhh sound)
ɲ ञñaنroughly like canyon (mostly Hindi; Urdu uses [n] (ن)).
ʈ[२] टṭaٹartist
ʈʰ[२] ठṭhaٹھThai, tarp
(deeper thh sound)
ɖ[२] डḍaڈodd, depot
ɖʱ[२] ढḍhaڈھadhere
ɳ णṇaنbunny (mostly Hindi; Urdu uses [n] (ن)).
t̪[२] तtaت، طkite
t̪ʰ[२] थthaتھthump (dental thh sound)
d̪[२] दdaدthe
d̪ʱ[२] धdhaدھwithin (as a dhh sound, tongue touches palate, strong air exhalation)
n नnaنnot
p पpaپpencil
pʰ फphaپھpith (phh sound)
b बbaبbutter
bʱ भbhaبھabhor
m मmaمmuch
j यyaیyak
r रraرrapture (r may be trilled)
l लlaلleaf
ʋ[३] वvaوvaries between w and v
ʃ शśaشshoe (light s with h sound)
ʂ षṣaش/سassure
(strong s; no h sound) (mostly Hindi; Urdu uses either [ʃ] (ش) or [s] (س)).
s सsaث، س، صsue
ɦ हhaحhead
q क़qaقquail (k in the throat, tongue not touching palate) (mostly Urdu; sometimes substituted for [k] (क) in Hindi)
x ख़k͟haخBach (kh in the throat, tongue not touching palate) (mostly Urdu; sometimes substituted for [kʰ] (ख) in Hindi)
ɣ ग़ġaغsimilar to a French r (mostly Urdu; sometimes substituted for [ɡ] (ग) in Hindi).
z ज़zaذ، ز، ض، ظzen, zero
ʒ झ़zhaژpleasure, seizure
ɽ ड़ṛaڑgourd
ɽʱ ढ़ṛhaڑھas [ɽ] plus h; somewhat as the US: warhead or Greek rho
f फ़faفphantom, food (f sound)
Vowels
IPAHindiISO 15919UrduApproximate English equivalent
ə[४] अ, पaاَ، بَstrut, but
aː आ, पाāآ, بَاfar, heart
ɪ[५] इ, पिiاِ، بِdill, still
iː[५] ई, पीīاِی، بِیfeed
ʊ[५] उ, पुuاُ، بُbook, took
uː[५] ऊ, पूūاُو، بُوmoon
rɪ ऋ, पृr̥ری، پرSyllabic ‹r›: repaired
eː ए, पेēاے، بےYale
ɛː ऐ, पैaiاَے، بَےrain,, feign
oː ओ, पोōاو، بوroar
ɔː औ, पौauاَو، بَوawe
◌̃ ँm̐ـںnasal vowel faun
([ãː, õː], etc.)
ŋ, ɲ, ɳ, n, m, ◌̃ ंṁـںjungle
ɦ ःḥهahead
Suprasegmentals
IPA
ˈ◌ stress
(placed before stressed syllable)
◌ː doubled consonant
(placed after doubled consonant)

See also

[सम्पादन | स्रोत सम्पादन]

Notes

[सम्पादन | स्रोत सम्पादन]
  1. 1 2 3 In the letter series beginning with क, क= क् + अ; ka= k+ a.Thus 'क' has the inherent vowel 'अ', giving 'क' without added vowel sign using diacritics (The halant "्" is removed). But the IPA shown here has the consonant 'k' only & does not include the vowel 'a'.
  2. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 To an English-speaker's ear, [ʈ ʈʰ t̪ t̪ʰ] all sound like /t/, and [ɖ ɖʱ d̪ d̪ʱ] all sound like /d/. However, to a Hindi-Urdu-speaker's ear, each is a very different sound. [t̪ d̪] are like the Spanish or French [t d], with the tongue touching the teeth. [t̪ʰ d̪ʱ] are how a Hindi-Urdu speaker hears English [θ ð] (the th and dh sounds). Hindi-Urdu [ʈ ɖ] are pronounced with the tongue further back, touching behind the teeth mid-palate. [ʈʰ ɖʱ] are how a Hindi-Urdu speaker hears English t d, and [ʈ] is how they hear the English t after an s (as in st).
  3. ↑ [v], [w] and intermediate [ʋ] are allophonic in Hindi-Urdu. Some words, such as vrat ('व्रत', 'ورت', religious fast), are pronounced with [v]; others, such as pakwan ('पकवान', 'پكوان', cooked food), are pronounced with [w].
  4. ↑ /ɛ/ occurs as a conditioned allophone of /ə/ near an /h/ surrounded on both sides by schwas. Usually, the second schwa undergoes syncopation, and the resultant is just an /ɛ/ preceding an /h/.
  5. 1 2 3 4 /iː, ɪ/ and /uː, ʊ/ are neutralised to [i, u] at the end of a word.
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