थोमस जेफर्सन

थोमस जेफर्सन
थोमस जेफर्सन
	आधिकारिक पोर्ट्रेट, १८००
तेस्रो संयुक्त राज्य अमेरिका को राष्ट्रपति
	In office; ४ मार्च १८०१ – ४ मार्च १८०९
उप राष्ट्रपति	आरोन बुर (१८०१–१८०५); जर्ज क्लिन्टन (१८०५–१८०९);
अग्रज	जोन एडम्स
उतराधिकारी	जेम्स म्याडिसन
दोस्रो संयुक्त राज्य अमेरिका को उपराष्ट्रपति
	In office; ४ मार्च १७९७ – ४ मार्च १८०१
राष्ट्रपति	जोन एडम्स
अग्रज	जोन एडम्स
उतराधिकारी	आरोन बुर
Personal details
जनम	१३ अप्रिल १७४३; Shadwell Plantation, Goochland (अहिले Albemarle County मा) भर्जिनिया कालोनी
मृत्यु	जुलाई ४, १८२६ (८३ वर्ष); Monticello, Charlottesville नजिकै, भर्जिनिया, संयुक्त राज्य अमेरिका
आराम-घर	Monticello, भर्जिनिया
राजनीतिक दल	Democratic-Republican
पुताःरि(इन)	मार्था वेल्स (विवाह १७७२–१७८२)

थोमस जेफरसन (अप्रिल १३, १७४३^{[lower-alpha १]} – जुलाई ४, १८२६) एक अमेरिकी राजनेता, प्लान्टर, कूटनीतिज्ञ, वकिल, वास्तुकार, दार्शनिक, रे संस्थापक पिता थिए जसले सन् १८०१ देखि १८०९ सम्म संयुक्त राज्य अमेरिकाको तेस्रो राष्ट्रपतिको रूपमी सेवा गरेका थिए।^[१] उहाँ स्वतन्त्रताको घोषणाको प्राथमिक लेखक हुनुहुन्थ्यो। अमेरिकी क्रान्तिकारी युद्ध पछि रे 1801 मी राष्ट्रपति बन्नु अघि, जेफरसन जर्ज वाशिंगटनको अधीनमी राष्ट्रको पहिलो अमेरिकी राज्य सचिव रे त्यसपछि जोन एडम्सको नेतृत्वमी राष्ट्रको दोस्रो उपराष्ट्रपति थिए। जेफर्सन प्रजातन्त्र, गणतन्त्रवाद रे प्राकृतिक अधिकारका एक प्रमुख समर्थक थिए, रे उनले राज्य, राष्ट्रिय रे अन्तर्राष्ट्रिय स्तरहरूमी रचनात्मक कागजातहरू रे निर्णयहरू उत्पादन गरे।

जेफरसन भर्जिनियाको प्लान्टर वर्गको कोलोनीमी जन्मेका थिए, दास श्रममी निर्भर थिए। अमेरिकी क्रान्तिको समयमी, जेफरसनले दोस्रो महाद्वीपीय कांग्रेसमी भर्जिनियाको प्रतिनिधित्व गरे। उनले क्रान्तिकारी भर्जिनियाको दोस्रो गभर्नरको रूपमी 1779 देखि 1781 सम्म सेवा गरे।1785 मी, कांग्रेसले जेफरसन अमेरिकी मन्त्रीलाई फ्रान्समी नियुक्त गर्यो, जहाँ उनले 1785 देखि 1789 सम्म सेवा गरे। राष्ट्रपति वाशिंगटनले त्यसपछि जेफरसनलाई राष्ट्रको पहिलो सचिव नियुक्त गरे, जहाँ उनले 1790 देखि 1793 सम्म सेवा गरे। यस समयमी, 1790 को प्रारम्भमा, जेफरसन रे राजनीतिक सहयोगी जेम्स म्याडिसनले राष्ट्रको पहिलो पार्टी प्रणालीको गठनको क्रममी संघीय पार्टीको विरोध गर्न डेमोक्रेटिक-रिपब्लिकन पार्टीलाई संगठित गरे। जेफर्सन र संघीयतावादी जोन एडम्स दुवै व्यक्तिगत मित्र रे राजनीतिक प्रतिद्वन्द्वी भए।

प्रारम्भिक जीवन रे करियर

जेफरसनको जन्म अप्रिल १३, १७४३ (अप्रिल २, १७४३, पुरानो शैली, जुलियन क्यालेन्डर), भर्जिनियाको ब्रिटिश कालोनीमी रहेको परिवारको शेडवेल प्लान्टेसनमी भएको थियो, दस सन्तानमध्ये तेस्रो।^[२] उनका बुबा, पिटर जेफरसन, एक रोपनी रे सर्वेक्षक थिए जो जेफरसन चौध वर्षको हुँदा मृत्यु भयो; उनकी आमा जेन रान्डोल्फ थिइन्।^{[lower-alpha २]}

शिक्षा रे प्रारम्भिक पारिवारिक जीवन

जेफरसनले ट्युटरहरू अन्तर्गत Tuckahoe मी Randolph बच्चाहरु संग संगै आफ्नो शिक्षा शुरू गरे।^[५] थोमसका बुबा पिटर, जो स्वयम् सिकाएका थिए रे औपचारिक शिक्षा नपाएका पछुताउँछन्, थोमसलाई पाँच वर्षको उमेरमी अंग्रेजी विद्यालयमी भर्ना गरियो। 1752 मी, नौ वर्षको उमेरमी, उनले स्कटिश प्रेस्बिटेरियन मन्त्रीद्वारा सञ्चालित स्थानीय विद्यालयमी भाग लिए रे प्राकृतिक संसारको अध्ययन गर्न थाले, जसलाई उहाँले माया गर्न थाले। यस समयमी उनले घोडा चढ्न सिक्दै ल्याटिन, ग्रीक रे फ्रान्सेली भाषाहरू पढ्न थाले। थोमसले पनि आफ्नो बुबाको मामूली पुस्तकालयबाटी किताबहरू पढे।^[६]उहाँलाई 1758 देखि 1760 सम्म गोर्डन्सभिल, भर्जिनिया नजिकै रेभरेन्ड जेम्स मौरी द्वारा सिकाइएको थियो, जहाँ उनले मौरीको परिवारसँग बोर्डिङ गर्दा इतिहास, विज्ञान रे क्लासिक्सको अध्ययन गरे।^[६]^[७] जेफर्सनले चेरोकी प्रमुख ओस्टेनाको सहित विभिन्न अमेरिकी इन्डियनहरूलाई चिनेका थिए, जो अक्सर व्यापार गर्न विलियम्सबर्ग जाने बाटोमी शेडवेलमी रोकिएका थिए।^[८]^[९] विलियम्सबर्गमी, जवान जेफरसनले आफ्नो आठ वर्ष वरिष्ठ प्याट्रिक हेनरीलाई भेटे रे प्रशंसा गर्न आए, रे भायोलिन बजाउनमी साझा रुचि साझा गरे।^[१०]

विलियम र मेरी कलेजको रेन बिल्डिंग, जहाँ जेफरसनले अध्ययन गरे

जेफरसन १८ वर्षको उमेरमी १७६१ मी भर्जिनियाको विलियम्सबर्गको विलियम एण्ड मेरी कलेजमा प्रवेश गरे रे विलियम स्मलसँग गणित, मेटाफिजिक्स रे दर्शनको अध्ययन गरे।

कलेजमी आफ्नो पहिलो वर्षको दौडान, जेफरसनले पार्टीहरूमा भाग लिन रे नृत्य गर्न पर्याप्त समय बिताए रे आफ्नो खर्चमी धेरै मितव्ययी थिएनन्; दोस्रो वर्षमी, आफ्नो पहिलो वर्षमी समय रे पैसा बर्बाद गरेकोमी पछुताउँदै, उनले दिनको पन्ध्र घण्टा अध्ययन गर्न प्रतिबद्ध भए।^[११]

जेफरसनले अप्रिल १७६२ मी आफ्नो औपचारिक अध्ययन पूरा गरे।^[१२] उनले आफ्नो कार्यालयमी कानून क्लर्कको रूपमी काम गर्दा Wythe को ट्यूटलेज अन्तर्गत कानून पढे।^[१३] जेफरसनले विभिन्न विषयहरूमी राम्रोसँग पढेका थिए, जसमी कानून रे दर्शनसँगै इतिहास, प्राकृतिक कानून, प्राकृतिक धर्म, नैतिकता, रे कृषिलगायत विज्ञानका धेरै क्षेत्रहरू समावेश थे।

विरासत

ऐतिहासिक प्रतिष्ठा

जेफर्सनलाई व्यक्तिगत स्वतन्त्रता, प्रजातन्त्र रे गणतन्त्रको प्रतिमाको रूपमी हेरिन्छ, स्वतन्त्रताको घोषणाको लेखक, अमेरिकी क्रान्तिको वास्तुकार, रे विज्ञान रे छात्रवृत्तिलाई प्रवर्द्धन गर्ने पुनर्जागरण व्यक्तिको रूपमी प्रशंसा गरिन्छ।^[१४] सहभागितामूलक लोकतन्त्र रे विस्तारित मताधिकारले उनले आफ्नो युगलाई परिभाषित गर्यो रे पछिका पुस्ताहरूका लागि मानक बन्यो।^[१५] मेचमले जेफर्सन आफ्नो पहिलो अर्धशताब्दीमी लोकतान्त्रिक गणतन्त्रको सबैभन्दा प्रभावशाली व्यक्तित्व थिए, राष्ट्रपतिका अनुयायीहरू जेम्स म्याडिसन, जेम्स मोनरो, एन्ड्रयू ज्याक्सन रे मार्टिन भान बुरेनले सफल भएको विचार गरे। ^[१६] 1982 मी सुरु भएको राष्ट्रपति विद्वानहरूको सिएना अनुसन्धान संस्थान पोलले लगातार जेफरसनलाई पाँच उत्कृष्ट अमेरिकी राष्ट्रपतिहरू मध्ये एकको रूपमी स्थान दिएको छ,^[१७] रे अमेरिकी राजनीति विज्ञान संघका सदस्यहरूको 2015 ब्रुकिङ्स इन्स्टिच्युट पोलले उनलाई पाँचौं सबैभन्दा ठूलो राष्ट्रपतिको रूपमा स्थान दिएको छ।^[१८]

स्मरण रे सम्मान

जेफर्सनलाई भवन, मूर्तिकला, हुलाक रे मुद्राको साथ स्मारक गरिएको छ। 1920s मी, जेफरसन, जर्ज वाशिंगटन, थियोडोर रुजवेल्ट रे अब्राहम लिंकन संग, मूर्तिकार गुटजोन बोर्गलम द्वारा छनोट गरिएको थियो रे राष्ट्रपति क्याल्भिन कूलिज द्वारा दक्षिण डकोटा को ब्ल्याक हिल्स माउन्ट रशमोर मी एक ढुङ्गा राष्ट्रिय स्मारक मी चित्रण गर्न को लागी अनुमोदन गरियो।^[१९]

जेफरसन मेमोरियल वाशिंगटन, डीसी मी 1943 मी, जेफरसन को जन्म को 200 औं वार्षिकोत्सव मी समर्पित गरिएको थियो। मेमोरियलको भित्री भागमी रुडल्फ इभान्सले बनाएको जेफरसनको १९ फिट (६ मी) प्रतिमी रे जेफरसनका लेखहरूका अंशहरूको नक्काशी समावेश छ।

वाशिंगटन, डीसी मी जेफरसन मेमोरियल
रुडल्फ इभान्स द्वारा जेफरसन मेमोरियल प्रतिमा, 1947
माउन्ट रशमोर (श्राइन अफ डेमोक्रेसी) गुटजोन बोर्गलम द्वारा। बायाँ देखि दाँया: वाशिंगटन, जेफरसन, रुजवेल्ट, रे लिंकन।
जेफरसन 1928 देखि 1966 सम्म रे 1976 देखि अमेरिकी दुई-डलर बिलमी चित्रित गरिएको छ।
जेफर्सनलाई 1938 देखि अमेरिकी निकलमी चित्रण गरिएको छ।
1994 थॉमस जेफरसन 250 औं वार्षिकोत्सव चाँदी सिक्का

टिप्पणीहरू

↑ Old Style: April 2, 1743
↑ Jefferson personally showed little interest in his ancestry; on his father's side, he only knew of the existence of his grandfather.^[३]^[४] Malone writes that Jefferson vaguely knew that his grandfather "had a place on the Fluvanna River which he called Snowden after a mountain in Wales near which the Jeffersons were supposed to have once lived".^[३] See also Peter Jefferson#Ancestry.

उद्धरण

↑ Morris, Richard B. (1973). Seven Who Shaped Our Destiny: The Founding Fathers as Revolutionaries. Harper & Row. p. 1. ISBN 978-0060904548.
↑ Tucker, 1837, v. 1, p. 18.
↑ ^३.० ^३.१ उद्दरण त्रुटी: अवैध <ref>चिनो; Malone5 नामको सन्दर्भका लागि कुनै पाठ प्रदान गरिएको छैन
↑ Brodie, 1974, pp. 33–34.
↑ Tucker, 1837, v. 1, p. 19.
↑ ^६.० ^६.१ Bowers, 1945, pp. 12–13.
↑ Peterson, 1970, pp. 7–9.
↑ Bowers, 1945, p. 13
↑ Meacham, 2012, p. 36
↑ Bowers, 1945, pp. 14–15
↑ Bowers, 1945, pp. 22–23; Boles, 2017, p. 18
↑ Wilson, Gaye. "Jefferson's Formal Education". Monticello. Thomas Jefferson Foundation. Retrieved May 5, 2024.
↑ Meacham, 2012, pp. 29, 39.
↑ Peterson, 1960, pp. 5, 67–69, 189–208, 340.
↑ Appleby, 2003, p. 149.
↑ Meacham, 2012, p. xix.
↑ SRI, 2010.
↑ Brookings, 2015
↑ NPS: Mt. Rushmore

उद्धृत कार्यहरू

विद्वान अध्ययन

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Du Bois, William Edward Burghardt (1904). The suppression of the African slave-trade to the United States of America. Longmans, Green and Co. ISBN 978-0722272848.
Earle, Edward Mead (1927). "American Interest in the Greek Cause, 1821–1827". The American Historical Review. 33 (1): 44–63. doi:10.2307/1838110. ISSN 0002-8762. JSTOR 1838110.
Elkins, Stanley M.; McKitrick, Eric L. (1993). The Age of Federalism. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0195068900.
Ellis, Joseph J. (1996). American Sphinx: The Character of Thomas Jefferson. Alfred A. Knopf. ISBN 978-0679444909. online free
—— (2000). Thomas Jefferson: Genius of Liberty. Viking Studio. ISBN 978-0670889334.
—— (2003). Founding Brothers: The Revolutionary Generation. Knopf Doubleday Publishing Group. ISBN 978-1400077687.
—— (2008). American Creation: Triumphs and Tragedies in the Founding of the Republic. Random House LLC. ISBN 978-0307263698.
Ferling, John (2000). Setting the World Ablaze: Washington, Adams, Jefferson, and the American Revolution. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0195134094.
—— (2004). Adams vs. Jefferson: The Tumultuous Election of 1800. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0195167719.
Finkelman, Paul (1989). "Evading the Ordinance: The Persistence of Bondage in Indiana and Illinois". Journal of the Early Republic. 9 (1): 21–51. doi:10.2307/3123523. JSTOR 3123523.
Finkelman, Paul, ed. (2006). The Encyclopedia of American Civil Liberties A-F Index. 1. Taylor & Francis Group. ISBN 978-1135947040.
Finkelman, Paul (April 1994). "Thomas Jefferson and Antislavery: The Myth Goes On" (PDF). The Virginia Magazine of History and Biography. Vol. 102 no. 2. Virginia Historical Society. pp. 193–228.
Foster, Eugene A.; et al. (November 5, 1998). "Jefferson fathered slave's last child". Nature. 396 (6706): 27–28. Bibcode:1998Natur.396...27F. doi:10.1038/23835. PMID 9817200. S2CID 4424562.
Frawley, William J., सं (2003). "International Encyclopedia of Linguistics: 4-Volume Set". International Encyclopedia of Linguistics. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0195139778

      . https://books.google.com/books?id=sl_dDVctycgC.

Freehling, William W. (2005). Levinson, Sanford; Sparrow, Bartholomew H. (eds.). The Louisiana Purchase and American Expansion, 1803–1898 The Louisiana Purchase and the Coming of the Civil War. Rowman & Littlefield Publishers, Inc. pp. 69–82. ISBN 978-0742549838.
Freeman, Joanne B. (2008). Shuffelton, Frank (ed.). The Cambridge Companion to Thomas Jefferson. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0521867313.
Gish, Dustin, and Daniel Klinghard. Thomas Jefferson and the Science of Republican Government: A Political Biography of Notes on the State of Virginia (Cambridge University Press, 2017) excerpt.
Fremont-Barnes, Gregory (2006). The Wars of the Barbary Pirates: To the Shores of Tripoli – The Rise of the US Navy and Marines. Osprey Publishing. ISBN 978-1846030307.
Golden, James L.; Golden, Alan L. (2002). Thomas Jefferson and the Rhetoric of Virtue. Rowman & Littlefield. ISBN 978-0742520806.
Gordon-Reed, Annette (1997). Thomas Jefferson and Sally Hemings: An American Controversy. University Press of Virginia. ISBN 978-0813916989.
—— (2008). The Hemingses of Monticello: An American Family. W. W. Norton & Company. ISBN 978-0393064773.
Gordon-Reed, Annette (February 20, 2020). "Thomas Jefferson's Vision of Equality Was Not All-Inclusive. But It Was Transformative". Retrieved March 11, 2022.
Greider, William (2010). Who Will Tell the People. Simon & Schuster. ISBN 978-1439128749.
Halliday, E. M. (2009). Understanding Thomas Jefferson. Harper Collins. ISBN 978-0060197933.
Hamelman, Steven (January 1, 2002). "Autobiography and Archive: Franklin, Jefferson, and the Revised Self". Midwest Quarterly.
Harrison, John Houston (1935). Settlers by the Long Grey Trail: Some Pioneers to Old Augusta County, Virginia, and Their Descendants of the Family of Harrison and Allied Lines. Genealogical Publishing Com. ISBN 978-0806306643.
Hart, Charles Henry (1899). Browere's Life Masks of Great Americans. De Vinne Press for Doubleday and McClure Company.
Hayes, Kevin J. (2008). The Road to Monticello: The Life and Mind of Thomas Jefferson. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0195307580.
Hellenbrand, Harold (1990). The Unfinished Revolution: Education and Politics in the Thought of Thomas Jefferson. Associated University Presse. ISBN 978-0874133707.
Helo, Ari (2013). Thomas Jefferson's Ethics and the Politics of Human Progress: The Morality of a Slaveholder. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-1107435551.
Hendricks, Nancy (2015). America's First Ladies. ABC-CLIO, LLC. ISBN 978-1610698832.
Herring, George C. (2008). From Colony to Superpower: U.S. Foreign Relations since 1776. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0199743773.
Hogan, Pendleton (1987). The Lawn: A Guide to Jefferson's University. University Press of Virginia. ISBN 978-0813911090.
Howe, Daniel Walker (2009). Making the American Self: Jonathan Edwards to Abraham Lincoln. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0199740796.
Hyland, William G (2009). In Defense of Thomas Jefferson: The Sally Hemings Sex Scandal. Carolina Academic Press. ISBN 978-0890890851.
Jacavone, Jared (2017). The Paid Vote: America's Neutrality During the Greek War for Independence (MA thesis). University of Rhode Island. doi:10.23860/thesis-jacavone-jared-2017.
Kaplan, Lawrence S. (1999). Thomas Jefferson: Westward the Course of Empire. Rowman & Littlefield. ISBN 978-0842026307.
Kaufman, Will; Macpherson, Heidi Slettedahl (2005). Britain and the Americas: Culture, Politics, and History (in अङ्ग्रेजी). ABC-CLIO. ISBN 978-1-85109-431-8.
Keyssar, Alexander (2009). The Right to Vote: The Contested History of Democracy in the United States. Basic Books. ISBN 978-0465010141.
Maier, Pauline (1997). American Scripture: Making the Declaration of Independence. Knopf. ISBN 978-0679454922.
Malone, Dumas, ed. (1933). "Jefferson, Thomas". Dictionary of American Biography. 10. Charles Scribner's Sons. pp. 17–35.
Malone, Dumas. Jefferson (6 vol. 1948–1981)
- —— (1948). Jefferson, The Virginian. Jefferson and His Time. 1. Little Brown. OCLC 1823927., Ebook
- —— (1951). Jefferson and the Rights of Man. Jefferson and His Time. 2. Little Brown.
- —— (1962). Jefferson and the Ordeal of Liberty. Jefferson and His Time. 3. Little, Brown. ISBN 978-0316544757.
- —— (1970). Jefferson the President: First Term, 1801–1805. Jefferson and His Time. 4. Little Brown.
- —— (1974). Jefferson the President: Second Term, 1805–1809. Jefferson and His Time. 5. Little Brown. OCLC 1929523.
- —— (1981). The Sage of Monticello. Jefferson and His Time. 6. Little Brown. ISBN 978-0316544788.
Mapp, Alf J. (1991). Jefferson: Passionate Pilgrim. Rowman & Littlefield. ISBN 978-0517098882.
Mayer, David N. (1994). The Constitutional Thought of Thomas Jefferson (Constitutionalism and Democracy). University of Virginia Press. ISBN 978-0813914855.
McCullough, David (2001). John Adams. Simon & Schuster. ISBN 978-1471104527.
McDonald, Robert M. S. (2004). Thomas Jefferson's Military Academy: Founding West Point. Jeffersonian America. University of Virginia Press. ISBN 978-0813922980.
McEwan, Barbara (1991). Thomas Jefferson, Farmer. McFarland. ISBN 978-0899506333.
Meacham, Jon (2012). Thomas Jefferson: The Art of Power. Random House LLC. ISBN 978-0679645368.
—— (2013). Thomas Jefferson: The Art of Power (Paperback). Random House Trade Paperbacks. ISBN 978-0812979480.
Miller, John Chester (1980). The Wolf by the Ears: Thomas Jefferson and Slavery. University of Virginia Press. ISBN 978-0452005303.
Miller, Robert J. (2008). Native America, Discovered and Conquered: Thomas Jefferson, Lewis & Clark, and Manifest Destiny. University of Nebraska Press. ISBN 978-0803215986.
Mott, Frank Luther. (1943) Jefferson and the press (LSU Press) online
Onuf, Peters S. (2000). Jefferson's Empire: The Language of American Nationhood. U of Virginia Press. ISBN 978-0813922041.
—— (2007). The Mind of Thomas Jefferson. University of Virginia Press. ISBN 978-0813926117.
Peterson, Merrill D. (1960). The Jefferson Image in the American Mind. University of Virginia Press. ISBN 978-0813918518.
—— (1970). Thomas Jefferson and the New Nation; a Biography. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0195000542.
—— (2002). "Thomas Jefferson". In Graff, Henry (ed.). The Presidents: A Reference History (7th ed.). Charles Scribner's Sons. pp. 39–56.
Phillips, Julieanne (1997). "Northwest Ordinance (1787)". In Rodriguez, Junius. The Historical Encyclopedia of World Slavery. ABC-CLIO. pp. 473–474. ISBN 978-0874368857

      . https://books.google.com/books?id=ATq5_6h2AT0C&pg=PA474.

Randall, Willard Sterne (1994). Thomas Jefferson: A Life. Harper Collins. ISBN 978-0060976170., popular history; weak after 1790.
Randall, Willard Sterne (1996). "Thomas Jefferson Takes A Vacation". American Heritage. Vol. 47 no. 4.
Rodriguez, Junius (2002). The Louisiana Purchase: a historical and geographical encyclopedia. ABC-CLIO. ISBN 978-1576071885.
Stewart, John J. (1997). Thomas Jefferson: Forerunner to the Restoration. Cedar Fort. ISBN 978-0-88290-605-8.
Sheehan, Bernard (1974). Seeds of Extinction: Jeffersonian Philanthropy and the American Indian. W. W. Norton & Company. ISBN 978-0393007169.
Scythes, James (2014). Tucker, Spencer C. (ed.). The Encyclopedia of the Wars of the Early American Republic, 1783–1812 A Political, Social, and Military History. ABC-CLIO. ISBN 978-1598841565.
Shuffelton, Frank (1974). "Introduction". In Jefferson, Thomas. (ed.). Notes on the State of Virginia. Penguin. ISBN 978-0140436679.
Smith, Robert C. (2003). Encyclopedia of African American Politics. Infobase Publishing, 433 pages. ISBN 978-1438130194.
Tucker, George (1837). The Life of Thomas Jefferson, Third President of the United States; 2 vol. Carey, Lea & Blanchard.
—— (1990). Empire of Liberty: The Statecraft of Thomas Jefferson. Cogliano Press. ISBN 978-0198022763.
Urofsky, Melvin I., ed. (2006). Biographical Encyclopedia of the Supreme Court: The Lives and Legal Philosophies of the Justices. CQ Press. ISBN 978-1452267289.
Wiencek, Henry (2012). Master of the Mountain: Thomas Jefferson and his slaves. Macmillan.
Wilentz, Sean (2005). The Rise of American Democracy. W. W. Norton & Company. pp. 108–111. ISBN 978-0393058208.
Wilson, Steven Harmon (2012). The U.S. Justice System: Law and constitution in early America. ABC-CLIO. ISBN 978-1598843040.
Wood, Gordon S (2006). Revolutionary Characters: What Made the Founders Different. Penguin Press. ISBN 978-1594200939.
—— (2010). Empire of Liberty: A History of the Early Republic, 1789–1815. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0195039146.
—— (2011). The Idea of America: Reflections on the Birth of the United States. Penguin Press. ISBN 978-1594202902.

थोमस जेफरसन फाउन्डेसन स्रोत

"American Philosophical Society". Thomas Jefferson Foundation. Retrieved July 25, 2016.
"Coded Messages". Thomas Jefferson Foundation. Retrieved July 22, 2016.
"Embargo of 1807". Thomas Jefferson Foundation. Retrieved July 22, 2016.
"I Rise with the Sun". Thomas Jefferson Foundation. Retrieved July 22, 2016.
"Italy – Language". Thomas Jefferson Foundation. Retrieved July 25, 2016.
"James Madison". Thomas Jefferson Foundation. Retrieved July 22, 2016.
"Jefferson's Antislavery Actions". Thomas Jefferson Foundation. Retrieved July 24, 2016.
"Jefferson's Religious Beliefs". Thomas Jefferson Foundation. Retrieved April 26, 2022.
"Maria Cosway (Engraving)". Thomas Jefferson Foundation. Retrieved July 21, 2016.
"Minority Report of the Monticello Research Committee on Thomas Jefferson and Sally Hemings". Thomas Jefferson Foundation. Retrieved July 25, 2016.
"Monticello construction chronology". Thomas Jefferson Foundation. Retrieved July 17, 2016.
"Monticello (House) FAQ – Who built the house?". Thomas Jefferson Foundation. Retrieved July 17, 2016.
"Nailery". Thomas Jefferson Foundation. Retrieved July 24, 2016.
"President Jefferson and the Indian Nations". Thomas Jefferson Foundation. Retrieved July 22, 2016.
"Public Speaking". Thomas Jefferson Foundation. Retrieved July 25, 2016.
"Quotations on Slavery and Emancipation". Thomas Jefferson Foundation. Archived from the original on August 20, 2016. Retrieved July 24, 2016.
"Report of the Research Committee on Thomas Jefferson and Sally Hemings – Conclusions". Thomas Jefferson Foundation. Retrieved July 25, 2016.
"Sale of Monticello". Thomas Jefferson Foundation. Retrieved July 16, 2016.
"Slave Dwellings". Thomas Jefferson Foundation. Archived from the original on March 4, 2016. Retrieved July 16, 2016.
"Slavery at Monticello FAQ – Property". Thomas Jefferson Foundation. Retrieved July 24, 2016.
"Slavery at Monticello FAQ – Work". Thomas Jefferson Foundation. Retrieved July 24, 2016.
"Spanish Language". Thomas Jefferson Foundation. Retrieved July 25, 2016.
"Thomas Jefferson: A Brief Biography". Thomas Jefferson Foundation. Retrieved July 24, 2016.
"Thomas Jefferson and Sally Hemings: A Brief Account". Thomas Jefferson Foundation. Retrieved July 25, 2016.
"Thomas Jefferson and Slavery". Thomas Jefferson Foundation. Retrieved May 5, 2016.
"Thomas Jefferson's Enlightenment and American Indians". Thomas Jefferson Foundation. Retrieved July 20, 2016.
"Thomas Jefferson's Religious Beliefs". Thomas Jefferson Foundation. Retrieved July 24, 2016.

प्राथमिक स्रोतहरू

The Papers of Thomas Jefferson, – the Princeton University Press edition of the correspondence and papers; vol 1 appeared in 1950; vol 41 (covering part of 1803) appeared in 2014.
- "Founders Online," searchable edition
Jefferson, Thomas (November 10, 1798). "Thomas Jefferson, Resolutions Relative to the Alien and Sedition Acts". The Founder's Constitution. University of Chicago Press. Retrieved November 2, 2015.
Thomas, Jefferson (1914). Autobiography of Thomas Jefferson 1743–1790. G.P. Putnam's Sons.
"Thomas Jefferson". University of Virginia Library. Retrieved September 2, 2009.
Jefferson, Thomas (1900). The Life and Writings of Thomas Jefferson. pp. 265–266.
—— (1853). Notes on the State of Virginia. J.W. Randolph. (Note: This was Jefferson's only book; numerous editions)
—— (1977). The Portable Thomas Jefferson. Penguin Press. ISBN 978-1101127667.
Yarbrough, Jean M.; Jefferson, Thomas (2006). The Essential Jefferson. Hackett Publishing. ISBN 978-1603843782.

वेब साइट स्रोत

"Gathering Voices: Thomas Jefferson and Native America". American Philosophical Society. Archived from the original on August 13, 2016. Retrieved August 11, 2016.
"Thomas Jefferson to Horatio G. Spafford, 17 March 1814". U.S. Government: National Archives. Retrieved March 25, 2019.
"American President: A Reference Resource". University of Virginia: Miller Center. Archived from the original on August 26, 2014. Retrieved August 26, 2014.
Barger, Herbert (October 15, 2008). "The Jefferson-Hemings DNA Study". Jefferson DNA Study Group. Retrieved April 4, 2012.
"Carving History". Mount Rushmore National Memorial. National Park Service. Retrieved April 1, 2012.
De Witte, Melissa (July 1, 2020). "When Thomas Jefferson penned 'all men are created equal,' he did not mean individual equality, says Stanford scholar". StandfordReport. Retrieved October 4, 2024.
Finkelman, Paul (November 30, 2012). "The Monster of Monticello". The New York Times. Retrieved May 5, 2016.
Haimann, Alexander T. (May 16, 2006). "5-cent Jefferson". Arago, Smithsonian Institution. Retrieved November 6, 2015.
"Jefferson's library". Library of Congress. April 24, 2000. Retrieved October 25, 2015.
"Jefferson Nickel". U.S. Mint. Retrieved November 6, 2015.
"Jefferson's Vision of the Academical Village". University of Virginia. October 14, 2010. Archived from the original on December 25, 2015. Retrieved November 5, 2015.
"Martha Wayles Skelton Jefferson". whitehouse.gov. Retrieved October 3, 2011 – via National Archives.
Roberts, Gary Boyd (April–May 1993). "The Royal Descents of Jane Pierce, Alice and Edith Roosevelt, Helen Taft, Eleanor Roosevelt, and Barbara Bush". American Ancestors. New England Historic Genealogical Society. Retrieved October 29, 2015.
Rottinghaus, Brandon; Vaughn, Justin S. (February 13, 2015). "Measuring Obama against the great presidents". Brookings Institution. Retrieved October 30, 2015.
"The Jefferson Hemings Controversy – Report of The Scholars Commission: Summary" (PDF). Thomas Jefferson Heritage Society. 2011. pp. 8–9, 11, 15–17. Archived from the original (PDF) on September 18, 2016. Retrieved July 26, 2016. Unknown parameter |orig-date= ignored (help)
"Siena Poll: American Presidents". Siena Research Institute. July 6, 2010. Archived from the original on July 6, 2010. Retrieved October 30, 2015.
"Thomas Jefferson: Biography". National Park Service. Retrieved August 1, 2007.
"The Thomas Jefferson Papers Timeline: 1743–1827". Retrieved July 19, 2009.
"Thomas Jefferson Presidential $1 Coin". U.S. Mint. Archived from the original on August 11, 2016. Retrieved November 6, 2015.
"U.S. Currency: $2 Note". U.S. Bureau of Engraving and Printing. Retrieved November 6, 2015.
"The Life and Morals of Jesus of Nazareth". 1820. Retrieved August 12, 2010.
"Bookquick/"The Autobiography of Thomas Jefferson, 1743–1790" | Penn Current". Archived from the original on December 8, 2015. Retrieved December 12, 2015.
Konig, David T. "Jefferson Thomas and the Practice of_Law, Three cases". Retrieved January 28, 2016.
"The Burr Conspiracy". PBS American Experience. 2000. Retrieved May 23, 2016.
Wilson, Douglas L. (1992). "Thomas Jefferson and the Issue of Character". The Atlantic. Retrieved May 22, 2016.
"Thomas Jefferson's descendants unite over a troubled past". CBS News. February 14, 2019. Retrieved September 24, 2020.
"Thomas Jefferson and Sally Hemings A Brief Account". monticello.org. Retrieved October 4, 2020.
Peter, Carlson (September 27, 2017). "The Bible According to Thomas Jefferson". historynet.com. Retrieved May 14, 2022.

यो पनि हेर्नुहोस्

[1] Old Style: April 2, 1743

[6] Jefferson personally showed little interest in his ancestry; on his father's side, he only knew of the existence of his grandfather.^[३]^[४] Malone writes that Jefferson vaguely knew that his grandfather "had a place on the Fluvanna River which he called Snowden after a mountain in Wales near which the Jeffersons were supposed to have once lived".^[३] See also Peter Jefferson#Ancestry.

[Morris19732-2] Morris, Richard B. (1973). Seven Who Shaped Our Destiny: The Founding Fathers as Revolutionaries. Harper & Row. p. 1. ISBN 978-0060904548.

[3] Tucker, 1837, v. 1, p. 18.

[Malone5-4] ३.० ^३.१ उद्दरण त्रुटी: अवैध <ref>चिनो; Malone5 नामको सन्दर्भका लागि कुनै पाठ प्रदान गरिएको छैन

[Brodie33-5] Brodie, 1974, pp. 33–34.

[7] Tucker, 1837, v. 1, p. 19.

[bowers12-8] ६.० ^६.१ Bowers, 1945, pp. 12–13.

[9] Peterson, 1970, pp. 7–9.

[10] Bowers, 1945, p. 13

[11] Meacham, 2012, p. 36

[12] Bowers, 1945, pp. 14–15

[13] Bowers, 1945, pp. 22–23; Boles, 2017, p. 18

[14] Wilson, Gaye. "Jefferson's Formal Education". Monticello. Thomas Jefferson Foundation. Retrieved May 5, 2024.

[15] Meacham, 2012, pp. 29, 39.

[16] Peterson, 1960, pp. 5, 67–69, 189–208, 340.

[17] Appleby, 2003, p. 149.

[18] Meacham, 2012, p. xix.

[19] SRI, 2010.

[20] Brookings, 2015

[rushmore-21] NPS: Mt. Rushmore

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